kami bersahabat tanpa syarat
bukan sebuah organisasi
kami hanya bersahabat tanpa syarat
kami adalah sahabat
tanpa tekanan seperti oraganisasi
kami hanya menyamakan pendapat
kami hanya menimbulkan kebahagiaan
dengan persahabatan kami
tanpa tekanan organisasi
seperti persahabatan tanpa tekanan
seperti organisasi yang menyenangkan
tapi tetap saja kami bukan oragnisasi
ini menyenangkan
tanpa organisasi yang menekan
walau gunjungan semakin menyeret kami
kami tetap sahabat tanpa tekanan organisasi
walau benci semakin menekan kami
tapi kami tak kehilangan cinta
kamilah yang sejati
selamanya sahabat tanpa tekanan organisasi
karena cinta dan benci akan selalu menggiring kami
karena cinta dan benci hanya berbatas anggukan dan gelengan
cinta dan benci akan menjuntai dalam persahabatan kami
kamilah
EVERLASTING EXCESSIVE
Kamis, 02 Juni 2011
Selasa, 31 Mei 2011
MY BROTHER HOMO’S SPOUSE
“Ouch...”
“Bruumm...”
“Hey! You hit me! Don’t you see, you hurted my leg! Oh my clothes! My clothes became dirty!” Vi grumbled. But it was useless, the car that hit her has gone. The first misfortune of today. Vi stood up, then walked with a somewhat limping. Vi continued her grumbled until the school gate seen. Suddenly he stopped her grumbled, remembered something that could made her got the next misfortune.
The school gate was almost closed. The second misfortune. Vi ran and shouted with a full power. But her shouting got no attention from anybody. Unfortunately, the school gate was closed.
“Pak, would you please open the gate for me, please?.” Said Vi miserably. “I’m sorry I can’t help you child, I might be furied by the teacher.” With the pale face, Vi sit down in front of the gate and waiting to the miracle. Who knows, there will somebody want to open the gate and let him come to the class. But the miracle never came. She just draws a blank. She didn’t get anything.
“Hey. You’re praba’s little brother, aren’t you?” suddenly a man was standing in front of her. He startled and stood up. “Yes, I am. I am vi. You’re Alby, right? Praba’s friend. What are you doing here?”vi told. Albi smiled, “I want to enlisted my sister to this school. She wants to move to this school. You’re a student in this school, aren’t you? Why are you outside? Is this time for school period?
“Violet Adreana Prabarani! Come in!”A thin teacher called Vi. “Oh god, give me a miracle. Just make me disappear for a moment! Alby I’m so sorry, I must go inside, before the tin old man there, kill me with his power of his speech. See you.”Vi ran coming into school.
Break period. Vi sit in the canteen with three of her friends.
“I just saw you are chatting with a man in front of the gate this morning. Who is he?” Nina asked curiously. “Is he your boyfriend?” Nana who is Nina’s twin sister asked her too. “No. He is not. He is Alby, my brother’s friend, Praba. Why are you asking for him? Do you like him? It’s better to not.”Vi told her friend. “But, why? You said he is not your boyfriend. So it’s ok if there is another one like her. He is handsome , vi.” Finally Ageha stop eating and asked in order to take participate. Vi drank her green tea and ate the donuts. “He is weird!”then Vi drank her green tea again. Nana, Nina and Ageha was silent. Then vi continued, “Alby is a homosexual. He seens like has a relationship with my brother, Praba.” Everybody kept silent, listened to Vi’s story. Vi told that he that she had ever seen Alby in Praba’s bedroom, they were holding hands. And they didn’t come out for a long time. As like as a couple. “And unfortunately, I saw they are hug each other!”, Vi told her friends. Vi also told that they often eating together. According to Vi, it’s so weird if there are two mens hugged in the room. All of his friends don’t believe her story, but they just be silent. “Praba, how poor you are. I know you are not too handsome to get a girlfriend like miss universe, but why you are looking for a boy?” you can ask me to help you to get a girlfriend. It’s better than you make a relationship with Alby.” Vi said it and make they laugh together.
After school, Vi waited for a bus in front of her school. It has been a long time waiting for a bus, but the bus didn’t come. And then Vi remembered, her mathematic book was leave in her class and Vi must do her homework tonight and submit it tomorrow. “I must do it now or Mr. Panca will kill me! I must back to the class. Oh, it just wasting my time!” For a moment, Vi though, then she turned back and walked to the school gate. But, how unlucky Vi, the bus passed behind her. And when she turned back again, the bus disappeared in the bend on the road. It made Vi angry and forget her purpose, to take her mathematic book in her class. Vi stayed again, stood, and didn’t did anything, just dazed, waited for the bus while hold on her anger. Suddenly, a silver car stopped in front her. Vi remembered that car, it Alby’s car. Then Praba come out from that car, smiled and asked Vi to enter to the car. Vi rise her eyebrow, though for a moment, and finally entered to the car. In the car, Vi though, “Now I’m in the car with 2 human, and they are homosexual! How unlucky I’m.” and Vi imagine Praba and Alby, the hug, kiss, and Vi didn’t want to continued her imagination. She shakes her head until her hair wretched. Praba and Alby looked each other, didn’t understand what Vi did. And Vi aware what was she did, and she smiled to Praba and Alby. Praba and Alby looked each other again, and they laughed in the same time. And then Vi remembered she missed her math book in her class. How poor they are. They left the school was so far, and they must turned back, just for took Vi’s math book. But they suddenly laughed, their misfortune based from the unlucky girl, Vi. Vi just smiled and said sorry. But Praba and Alby smiled, but their smile. “it’s too easy, Vi. Now is the lunch time, and you make us late to get lunch. So, you must pay for our lunch!!” Vi didn’t have any excuse to say not. Vi just could nod, couldn’t say something. She think, “Damn! Today is the worse day ever!” Praba and Alby smiled. Smile of their glory.
Two weeks passed. The Alby’s sister that moved to Vi’s school was being Vi’s close friend. And Alby became more often come to Vi’s house, especially to the Praba’s room. It made Vi more suspicious with Alby and Praba. If Vi asked Alby why he always came to her house, Alby always answered, “I just want to meet Praba, and I want to look for our project.” In Vi’s head, “What project? It’s sound so weird!” But Vi didn’t want to ask Alby more than that, because she always imagine something that she didn’t want to imagine.
Sunday morning, Ruby, Alby’s little sister came to Vi’s house to did their homework. And Alby surely came too. But Alby immediately enter to Praba’s room. Than Vi asked Ruby, “Hey, do you feel something wrong with your brother? He looks like little eng…weird, right? I’m sorry to say that.” “I don’t think so. He just falling in love”, Ruby answered with the flat intonation. It made Vi felt something wrong with Ruby too. “Falling in love with whom? Doesn’t it sounds weird”, Vi asked Ruby again. “Hey, what’s wrong with you? Falling in love is not a weird thing. I think you got hit on your head, until you thing fall in love is a weird thing. Just do your homework before I do it for you.” Ruby stay in her flat intonation.
Vi felt useless to talk with Ruby. So she decided to ask Praba. “Praba, you are still a normal guy, right?” “You make me surprised. You were learning about knock the door before you come in, right? And what are you talking about? Of course I’m normal guy, that waiting for an amazing girl to love me. Hehehe… By the way, why are you asks me like that, sounds like you interrogating me. ”, said Praba. “But I ever seeing you and Alby hug each other, always eat together, holding hand, and Alby always stay with you in that room everyday and doesn’t go out for a long time. It makes me confuse, and suspicious too. Alby is in that room too. He just stood with opened mouth. Couldn’t believe what he is hearing about. Silence for a moment. And then Praba and Alby laughed and make Vi confuse. Vi told that she suspicious with them since they were always staying at Praba’s room. But she won’t asked them because she afraid if Praba and Alby were getting angry. But Praba and Alby, in fact they laughed and it made Vi more confused. For minutes they laughed, and then they stopped. They looked at Vi and even smile. Then Praba tried to tell Vi the truth. They often stay in Praba’s room because they were working for a secret project, which is playing Play Station! “We just playing Play Station, and I don’t somebody know and disturbing us.” Praba also told they often ate together because Alby didn’t like to eat alone, so Praba always accompanied Alby when Alby ate. “I’m a good friend and a good guy, so I didn’t mind to wasting my time just accompanied Alby, while I looking for a girl at restaurant or café.”
It made Vi felt freer of worry. But Praba refused to clarified one thing, which is about a hug between Praba and Alby. Praba asked Vi to ask Alby directly. Vi walked into Alby and asked him, “Why do you hug my brother? Do you like my brother?” Alby didn’t answer, he only smiled and tried to do not laugh. Impatiently Vi asked Alby again, “Do you love my brother? Better not, because Praba not a homosexual. Although Praba was not too handsome and stupid, but he is my brother who I love, so please do not disturb Praba!” Heard that statement, suddenly Alby laugh and made Vi confused. Then Alby calmly replied. "I hugged your brother because I’m happy." Vi was not satisfied with the answer Albi. She raised her eyebrow. "That's it? I didn’t believe it! Just because you were happy, you hugged my brother? “Vi still didn’t believe it.”But it was not the usual happy, that have been an extraordinary happy." Alby still replied calmly. Vi was still confused. Albi looked at Vi. "Because in that time Praba told me that you love me and you wish to be close to me. Vi suddenly remembered that he once told Praba that she likes Alby. After hearing the confession, Vi became embarrassed. Then Alby continued. “You were suspicious of me because I'm so close with your brother, right? And you forget if you love me. "These words make Vi embarrassed. Praba who had been silent, suddenly, he spoke. "There are people who say that if you judge people, you have no time to love them. It’s same like you are too busy to try to find Alby’s fact, and finally you forget your feeling.” Alby said, "But I am not a homosexual, so now you have remembered if you ever like me?" Vi only replied with a nod. Then everybody laughed, laugh at how stupid Vi in a hurry because of suspicions that she was think Alby is homosexual, and it made Vi forgot that she love Alby.
“Bruumm...”
“Hey! You hit me! Don’t you see, you hurted my leg! Oh my clothes! My clothes became dirty!” Vi grumbled. But it was useless, the car that hit her has gone. The first misfortune of today. Vi stood up, then walked with a somewhat limping. Vi continued her grumbled until the school gate seen. Suddenly he stopped her grumbled, remembered something that could made her got the next misfortune.
The school gate was almost closed. The second misfortune. Vi ran and shouted with a full power. But her shouting got no attention from anybody. Unfortunately, the school gate was closed.
“Pak, would you please open the gate for me, please?.” Said Vi miserably. “I’m sorry I can’t help you child, I might be furied by the teacher.” With the pale face, Vi sit down in front of the gate and waiting to the miracle. Who knows, there will somebody want to open the gate and let him come to the class. But the miracle never came. She just draws a blank. She didn’t get anything.
“Hey. You’re praba’s little brother, aren’t you?” suddenly a man was standing in front of her. He startled and stood up. “Yes, I am. I am vi. You’re Alby, right? Praba’s friend. What are you doing here?”vi told. Albi smiled, “I want to enlisted my sister to this school. She wants to move to this school. You’re a student in this school, aren’t you? Why are you outside? Is this time for school period?
“Violet Adreana Prabarani! Come in!”A thin teacher called Vi. “Oh god, give me a miracle. Just make me disappear for a moment! Alby I’m so sorry, I must go inside, before the tin old man there, kill me with his power of his speech. See you.”Vi ran coming into school.
Break period. Vi sit in the canteen with three of her friends.
“I just saw you are chatting with a man in front of the gate this morning. Who is he?” Nina asked curiously. “Is he your boyfriend?” Nana who is Nina’s twin sister asked her too. “No. He is not. He is Alby, my brother’s friend, Praba. Why are you asking for him? Do you like him? It’s better to not.”Vi told her friend. “But, why? You said he is not your boyfriend. So it’s ok if there is another one like her. He is handsome , vi.” Finally Ageha stop eating and asked in order to take participate. Vi drank her green tea and ate the donuts. “He is weird!”then Vi drank her green tea again. Nana, Nina and Ageha was silent. Then vi continued, “Alby is a homosexual. He seens like has a relationship with my brother, Praba.” Everybody kept silent, listened to Vi’s story. Vi told that he that she had ever seen Alby in Praba’s bedroom, they were holding hands. And they didn’t come out for a long time. As like as a couple. “And unfortunately, I saw they are hug each other!”, Vi told her friends. Vi also told that they often eating together. According to Vi, it’s so weird if there are two mens hugged in the room. All of his friends don’t believe her story, but they just be silent. “Praba, how poor you are. I know you are not too handsome to get a girlfriend like miss universe, but why you are looking for a boy?” you can ask me to help you to get a girlfriend. It’s better than you make a relationship with Alby.” Vi said it and make they laugh together.
After school, Vi waited for a bus in front of her school. It has been a long time waiting for a bus, but the bus didn’t come. And then Vi remembered, her mathematic book was leave in her class and Vi must do her homework tonight and submit it tomorrow. “I must do it now or Mr. Panca will kill me! I must back to the class. Oh, it just wasting my time!” For a moment, Vi though, then she turned back and walked to the school gate. But, how unlucky Vi, the bus passed behind her. And when she turned back again, the bus disappeared in the bend on the road. It made Vi angry and forget her purpose, to take her mathematic book in her class. Vi stayed again, stood, and didn’t did anything, just dazed, waited for the bus while hold on her anger. Suddenly, a silver car stopped in front her. Vi remembered that car, it Alby’s car. Then Praba come out from that car, smiled and asked Vi to enter to the car. Vi rise her eyebrow, though for a moment, and finally entered to the car. In the car, Vi though, “Now I’m in the car with 2 human, and they are homosexual! How unlucky I’m.” and Vi imagine Praba and Alby, the hug, kiss, and Vi didn’t want to continued her imagination. She shakes her head until her hair wretched. Praba and Alby looked each other, didn’t understand what Vi did. And Vi aware what was she did, and she smiled to Praba and Alby. Praba and Alby looked each other again, and they laughed in the same time. And then Vi remembered she missed her math book in her class. How poor they are. They left the school was so far, and they must turned back, just for took Vi’s math book. But they suddenly laughed, their misfortune based from the unlucky girl, Vi. Vi just smiled and said sorry. But Praba and Alby smiled, but their smile. “it’s too easy, Vi. Now is the lunch time, and you make us late to get lunch. So, you must pay for our lunch!!” Vi didn’t have any excuse to say not. Vi just could nod, couldn’t say something. She think, “Damn! Today is the worse day ever!” Praba and Alby smiled. Smile of their glory.
Two weeks passed. The Alby’s sister that moved to Vi’s school was being Vi’s close friend. And Alby became more often come to Vi’s house, especially to the Praba’s room. It made Vi more suspicious with Alby and Praba. If Vi asked Alby why he always came to her house, Alby always answered, “I just want to meet Praba, and I want to look for our project.” In Vi’s head, “What project? It’s sound so weird!” But Vi didn’t want to ask Alby more than that, because she always imagine something that she didn’t want to imagine.
Sunday morning, Ruby, Alby’s little sister came to Vi’s house to did their homework. And Alby surely came too. But Alby immediately enter to Praba’s room. Than Vi asked Ruby, “Hey, do you feel something wrong with your brother? He looks like little eng…weird, right? I’m sorry to say that.” “I don’t think so. He just falling in love”, Ruby answered with the flat intonation. It made Vi felt something wrong with Ruby too. “Falling in love with whom? Doesn’t it sounds weird”, Vi asked Ruby again. “Hey, what’s wrong with you? Falling in love is not a weird thing. I think you got hit on your head, until you thing fall in love is a weird thing. Just do your homework before I do it for you.” Ruby stay in her flat intonation.
Vi felt useless to talk with Ruby. So she decided to ask Praba. “Praba, you are still a normal guy, right?” “You make me surprised. You were learning about knock the door before you come in, right? And what are you talking about? Of course I’m normal guy, that waiting for an amazing girl to love me. Hehehe… By the way, why are you asks me like that, sounds like you interrogating me. ”, said Praba. “But I ever seeing you and Alby hug each other, always eat together, holding hand, and Alby always stay with you in that room everyday and doesn’t go out for a long time. It makes me confuse, and suspicious too. Alby is in that room too. He just stood with opened mouth. Couldn’t believe what he is hearing about. Silence for a moment. And then Praba and Alby laughed and make Vi confuse. Vi told that she suspicious with them since they were always staying at Praba’s room. But she won’t asked them because she afraid if Praba and Alby were getting angry. But Praba and Alby, in fact they laughed and it made Vi more confused. For minutes they laughed, and then they stopped. They looked at Vi and even smile. Then Praba tried to tell Vi the truth. They often stay in Praba’s room because they were working for a secret project, which is playing Play Station! “We just playing Play Station, and I don’t somebody know and disturbing us.” Praba also told they often ate together because Alby didn’t like to eat alone, so Praba always accompanied Alby when Alby ate. “I’m a good friend and a good guy, so I didn’t mind to wasting my time just accompanied Alby, while I looking for a girl at restaurant or café.”
It made Vi felt freer of worry. But Praba refused to clarified one thing, which is about a hug between Praba and Alby. Praba asked Vi to ask Alby directly. Vi walked into Alby and asked him, “Why do you hug my brother? Do you like my brother?” Alby didn’t answer, he only smiled and tried to do not laugh. Impatiently Vi asked Alby again, “Do you love my brother? Better not, because Praba not a homosexual. Although Praba was not too handsome and stupid, but he is my brother who I love, so please do not disturb Praba!” Heard that statement, suddenly Alby laugh and made Vi confused. Then Alby calmly replied. "I hugged your brother because I’m happy." Vi was not satisfied with the answer Albi. She raised her eyebrow. "That's it? I didn’t believe it! Just because you were happy, you hugged my brother? “Vi still didn’t believe it.”But it was not the usual happy, that have been an extraordinary happy." Alby still replied calmly. Vi was still confused. Albi looked at Vi. "Because in that time Praba told me that you love me and you wish to be close to me. Vi suddenly remembered that he once told Praba that she likes Alby. After hearing the confession, Vi became embarrassed. Then Alby continued. “You were suspicious of me because I'm so close with your brother, right? And you forget if you love me. "These words make Vi embarrassed. Praba who had been silent, suddenly, he spoke. "There are people who say that if you judge people, you have no time to love them. It’s same like you are too busy to try to find Alby’s fact, and finally you forget your feeling.” Alby said, "But I am not a homosexual, so now you have remembered if you ever like me?" Vi only replied with a nod. Then everybody laughed, laugh at how stupid Vi in a hurry because of suspicions that she was think Alby is homosexual, and it made Vi forgot that she love Alby.
Rabu, 02 Maret 2011
HIPERTENSI
Tekanan darah tinggi atau hipertensi adalah kondisi medis di mana terjadi peningkatan tekanan darah secara kronis. Penderita yang mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya tiga bacaan tekanan darah yang melebihi 140/90 mmHg saat istirahat diperkirakan mempunyai keadaan darah tinggi. Tekanan darah yang selalu tinggi adalah salah satu faktor risiko untuk stroke, serangan jantung, gagal jantung dan aneurisma arterial, dan merupakan penyebab utama gagal jantung kronis.
Pada pemeriksaan tekanan darah akan didapat dua angka. Angka yang lebih tinggi diperoleh pada saat jantung berkontraksi (sistolik), angka yang lebih rendah diperoleh pada saat jantung berelaksasi (diastolik). Tekanan darah kurang dari 120/80 mmHg didefinisikan sebagai "normal". Pada tekanan darah tinggi, biasanya terjadi kenaikan tekanan sistolik dan diastolik. Hipertensi biasanya terjadi pada tekanan darah 140/90 mmHg atau ke atas, diukur di kedua lengan tiga kali dalam jangka beberapa minggu.
Klasifikasi
Klasifikasi Tekanan Darah Pada Dewasa menurut JNC VII
Kategori Tekanan Darah Sistolik Tekanan Darah Diastolik
Normal < 120 mmHg (dan) < 80 mmHg Pre-hipertensi 120-139 mmHg (atau) 80-89 mmHg Stadium 1 140-159 mmHg (atau) 90-99 mmHg Stadium 2 >= 160 mmHg (atau) >= 100 mmHg
Pada hipertensi sistolik terisolasi, tekanan sistolik mencapai 140 mmHg atau lebih, tetapi tekanan diastolik kurang dari 90 mmHg dan tekanan diastolik masih dalam kisaran normal. Hipertensi ini sering ditemukan pada usia lanjut.
Sejalan dengan bertambahnya usia, hampir setiap orang mengalami kenaikan tekanan darah; tekanan sistolik terus meningkat sampai usia 80 tahun dan tekanan diastolik terus meningkat sampai usia 55-60 tahun, kemudian berkurang secara perlahan atau bahkan menurun drastis.
Pengaturan tekanan darah
Meningkatnya tekanan darah di dalam arteri bisa terjadi melalui beberapa cara:
• Jantung memompa lebih kuat sehingga mengalirkan lebih banyak cairan pada setiap detiknya
• Arteri besar kehilangan kelenturannya dan menjadi kaku, sehingga mereka tidak dapat mengembang pada saat jantung memompa darah melalui arteri tersebut. Karena itu darah pada setiap denyut jantung dipaksa untuk melalui pembuluh yang sempit daripada biasanya dan menyebabkan naiknya tekanan. Inilah yang terjadi pada usia lanjut, dimana dinding arterinya telah menebal dan kaku karena arteriosklerosis. Dengan cara yang sama, tekanan darah juga meningkat pada saat terjadi "vasokonstriksi", yaitu jika arteri kecil (arteriola) untuk sementara waktu mengkerut karena perangsangan saraf atau hormon di dalam darah.
• Bertambahnya cairan dalam sirkulasi bisa menyebabkan meningkatnya tekanan darah. Hal ini terjadi jika terdapat kelainan fungsi ginjal sehingga tidak mampu membuang sejumlah garam dan air dari dalam tubuh. Volume darah dalam tubuh meningkat, sehingga tekanan darah juga meningkat.
Perubahan fungsi ginjal.
Ginjal mengendalikan tekanan darah melalui beberapa cara:
• Jika tekanan darah meningkat, ginjal akan menambah pengeluaran garam dan air, yang akan menyebabkan berkurangnya volume darah dan mengembalikan tekanan darah ke normal.
• Jika tekanan darah menurun, ginjal akan mengurangi pembuangan garam dan air, sehingga volume darah bertambah dan tekanan darah kembali ke normal.
• Ginjal juga bisa meningkatkan tekanan darah dengan menghasilkan enzim yang disebut renin, yang memicu pembentukan hormon angiotensin, yang selanjutnya akan memicu pelepasan hormon aldosteron.
Ginjal merupakan organ penting dalam mengendalikan tekanan darah; karena itu berbagai penyakit dan kelainan pda ginjal bisa menyebabkan terjadinya tekanan darah tinggi,misalnya penyempitan arteri yang menuju ke salah satu ginjal (stenosis arteri renalis) danperadangan dan cedera pada salah satu atau kedua ginjal
Gejala
Pada sebagian besar penderita, hipertensi tidak menimbulkan gejala; meskipun secara tidak sengaja beberapa gejala terjadi bersamaan dan dipercaya berhubungan dengan tekanan darah tinggi (padahal sesungguhnya tidak). Gejala yang dimaksud adalah sakit kepala, perdarahan dari hidung, pusing, wajah kemerahan dan kelelahan; yang bisa saja terjadi baik pada penderita hipertensi, maupun pada seseorang dengan tekanan darah yang normal.
Jika hipertensinya berat atau menahun dan tidak diobati, bisa timbul gejala berikut:
• sakit kepala
• kelelahan
• mual
• muntah
• sesak nafas
• gelisah
• pandangan menjadi kabur yang terjadi karena adanya kerusakan pada otak, mata, jantung dan ginjal.
Kadang penderita hipertensi berat mengalami penurunan kesadaran dan bahkan koma karena terjadi pembengkakan otak. Keadaan ini disebut ensefalopati hipertensif, yang memerlukan penanganan segera.
Penyebab hipertensi
Hipertensi berdasarkan penyebabnya dibagi menjadi 2 jenis :
1. Hipertensi primer atau esensial adalah hipertensi yang tidak / belum diketahui penyebabnya (terdapat pada kurang lebih 90 % dari seluruh hipertensi).
2. Hipertensi sekunder adalah hipertensi yang disebabkan/ sebagai akibat dari adanya penyakit lain.
Hipertensi primer kemungkinan memiliki banyak penyebab; beberapa perubahan pada jantung dan pembuluh darah kemungkinan bersama-sama menyebabkan meningkatnya tekanan darah.
Jika penyebabnya diketahui, maka disebut hipertensi sekunder. Pada sekitar 5-10% penderita hipertensi, penyebabnya adalah penyakit ginjal. Pada sekitar 1-2%, penyebabnya adalah kelainan hormonal atau pemakaian obat tertentu (misalnya pil KB).
Penyebab hipertensi lainnya yang jarang adalah feokromositoma, yaitu tumor pada kelenjar adrenal yang menghasilkan hormon epinefrin (adrenalin) atau norepinefrin (noradrenalin).
Kegemukan (obesitas), gaya hidup yang tidak aktif (malas berolah raga), stres, alkohol atau garam dalam makanan; bisa memicu terjadinya hipertensi pada orang-orang memiliki kepekaan yang diturunkan. Stres cenderung menyebabkan kenaikan tekanan darah untuk sementara waktu, jika stres telah berlalu, maka tekanan darah biasanya akan kembali normal.
Beberapa penyebab terjadinya hipertensi sekunder:
1. Penyakit Ginjal
2. Kelainan Hormonal
3. Obat-obatan
4. Koartasio aort
5. Preeklamsi pada kehamilan
6. Porfiria intermiten akut
7. Keracunan timbal akut.
Obat tradisional yang dapat digunakan
• murbei
• daun cincau hijau
• seladri bawang putih Rosela
• daun misai kucing
• teh serai yang kering atau serai basah diminum 3 kali sehari
Pencegahan
• Pertahankan berat badan ideal. Atur pola makan, antara lain tidak mengonsumsi makanan tinggi garam dan tinggi lemak, serta perbanyak konsumsi buah dan sayur
• Olahraga teratur. Sedapat mungkin atasi stres dan emosi
• Hentikan kebiasaan merokok
• Hindari minuman beralkohol
• Periksa tekanan darah secara berkala. Dan lakukan pengecekan ulang minimal setiap 2 tahun untuk kelompok nomotensi dan setiap tahun untuk kelompok pre hipertensi, yaitu tekanan darah sistolik 120-139 mmHg atau diastolik 80-90mmHg dan
• Bila diperlukan konsumsi obat-obatan penurunan tekanan darah serta makan secara teratur.
Pada pemeriksaan tekanan darah akan didapat dua angka. Angka yang lebih tinggi diperoleh pada saat jantung berkontraksi (sistolik), angka yang lebih rendah diperoleh pada saat jantung berelaksasi (diastolik). Tekanan darah kurang dari 120/80 mmHg didefinisikan sebagai "normal". Pada tekanan darah tinggi, biasanya terjadi kenaikan tekanan sistolik dan diastolik. Hipertensi biasanya terjadi pada tekanan darah 140/90 mmHg atau ke atas, diukur di kedua lengan tiga kali dalam jangka beberapa minggu.
Klasifikasi
Klasifikasi Tekanan Darah Pada Dewasa menurut JNC VII
Kategori Tekanan Darah Sistolik Tekanan Darah Diastolik
Normal < 120 mmHg (dan) < 80 mmHg Pre-hipertensi 120-139 mmHg (atau) 80-89 mmHg Stadium 1 140-159 mmHg (atau) 90-99 mmHg Stadium 2 >= 160 mmHg (atau) >= 100 mmHg
Pada hipertensi sistolik terisolasi, tekanan sistolik mencapai 140 mmHg atau lebih, tetapi tekanan diastolik kurang dari 90 mmHg dan tekanan diastolik masih dalam kisaran normal. Hipertensi ini sering ditemukan pada usia lanjut.
Sejalan dengan bertambahnya usia, hampir setiap orang mengalami kenaikan tekanan darah; tekanan sistolik terus meningkat sampai usia 80 tahun dan tekanan diastolik terus meningkat sampai usia 55-60 tahun, kemudian berkurang secara perlahan atau bahkan menurun drastis.
Pengaturan tekanan darah
Meningkatnya tekanan darah di dalam arteri bisa terjadi melalui beberapa cara:
• Jantung memompa lebih kuat sehingga mengalirkan lebih banyak cairan pada setiap detiknya
• Arteri besar kehilangan kelenturannya dan menjadi kaku, sehingga mereka tidak dapat mengembang pada saat jantung memompa darah melalui arteri tersebut. Karena itu darah pada setiap denyut jantung dipaksa untuk melalui pembuluh yang sempit daripada biasanya dan menyebabkan naiknya tekanan. Inilah yang terjadi pada usia lanjut, dimana dinding arterinya telah menebal dan kaku karena arteriosklerosis. Dengan cara yang sama, tekanan darah juga meningkat pada saat terjadi "vasokonstriksi", yaitu jika arteri kecil (arteriola) untuk sementara waktu mengkerut karena perangsangan saraf atau hormon di dalam darah.
• Bertambahnya cairan dalam sirkulasi bisa menyebabkan meningkatnya tekanan darah. Hal ini terjadi jika terdapat kelainan fungsi ginjal sehingga tidak mampu membuang sejumlah garam dan air dari dalam tubuh. Volume darah dalam tubuh meningkat, sehingga tekanan darah juga meningkat.
Perubahan fungsi ginjal.
Ginjal mengendalikan tekanan darah melalui beberapa cara:
• Jika tekanan darah meningkat, ginjal akan menambah pengeluaran garam dan air, yang akan menyebabkan berkurangnya volume darah dan mengembalikan tekanan darah ke normal.
• Jika tekanan darah menurun, ginjal akan mengurangi pembuangan garam dan air, sehingga volume darah bertambah dan tekanan darah kembali ke normal.
• Ginjal juga bisa meningkatkan tekanan darah dengan menghasilkan enzim yang disebut renin, yang memicu pembentukan hormon angiotensin, yang selanjutnya akan memicu pelepasan hormon aldosteron.
Ginjal merupakan organ penting dalam mengendalikan tekanan darah; karena itu berbagai penyakit dan kelainan pda ginjal bisa menyebabkan terjadinya tekanan darah tinggi,misalnya penyempitan arteri yang menuju ke salah satu ginjal (stenosis arteri renalis) danperadangan dan cedera pada salah satu atau kedua ginjal
Gejala
Pada sebagian besar penderita, hipertensi tidak menimbulkan gejala; meskipun secara tidak sengaja beberapa gejala terjadi bersamaan dan dipercaya berhubungan dengan tekanan darah tinggi (padahal sesungguhnya tidak). Gejala yang dimaksud adalah sakit kepala, perdarahan dari hidung, pusing, wajah kemerahan dan kelelahan; yang bisa saja terjadi baik pada penderita hipertensi, maupun pada seseorang dengan tekanan darah yang normal.
Jika hipertensinya berat atau menahun dan tidak diobati, bisa timbul gejala berikut:
• sakit kepala
• kelelahan
• mual
• muntah
• sesak nafas
• gelisah
• pandangan menjadi kabur yang terjadi karena adanya kerusakan pada otak, mata, jantung dan ginjal.
Kadang penderita hipertensi berat mengalami penurunan kesadaran dan bahkan koma karena terjadi pembengkakan otak. Keadaan ini disebut ensefalopati hipertensif, yang memerlukan penanganan segera.
Penyebab hipertensi
Hipertensi berdasarkan penyebabnya dibagi menjadi 2 jenis :
1. Hipertensi primer atau esensial adalah hipertensi yang tidak / belum diketahui penyebabnya (terdapat pada kurang lebih 90 % dari seluruh hipertensi).
2. Hipertensi sekunder adalah hipertensi yang disebabkan/ sebagai akibat dari adanya penyakit lain.
Hipertensi primer kemungkinan memiliki banyak penyebab; beberapa perubahan pada jantung dan pembuluh darah kemungkinan bersama-sama menyebabkan meningkatnya tekanan darah.
Jika penyebabnya diketahui, maka disebut hipertensi sekunder. Pada sekitar 5-10% penderita hipertensi, penyebabnya adalah penyakit ginjal. Pada sekitar 1-2%, penyebabnya adalah kelainan hormonal atau pemakaian obat tertentu (misalnya pil KB).
Penyebab hipertensi lainnya yang jarang adalah feokromositoma, yaitu tumor pada kelenjar adrenal yang menghasilkan hormon epinefrin (adrenalin) atau norepinefrin (noradrenalin).
Kegemukan (obesitas), gaya hidup yang tidak aktif (malas berolah raga), stres, alkohol atau garam dalam makanan; bisa memicu terjadinya hipertensi pada orang-orang memiliki kepekaan yang diturunkan. Stres cenderung menyebabkan kenaikan tekanan darah untuk sementara waktu, jika stres telah berlalu, maka tekanan darah biasanya akan kembali normal.
Beberapa penyebab terjadinya hipertensi sekunder:
1. Penyakit Ginjal
2. Kelainan Hormonal
3. Obat-obatan
4. Koartasio aort
5. Preeklamsi pada kehamilan
6. Porfiria intermiten akut
7. Keracunan timbal akut.
Obat tradisional yang dapat digunakan
• murbei
• daun cincau hijau
• seladri bawang putih Rosela
• daun misai kucing
• teh serai yang kering atau serai basah diminum 3 kali sehari
Pencegahan
• Pertahankan berat badan ideal. Atur pola makan, antara lain tidak mengonsumsi makanan tinggi garam dan tinggi lemak, serta perbanyak konsumsi buah dan sayur
• Olahraga teratur. Sedapat mungkin atasi stres dan emosi
• Hentikan kebiasaan merokok
• Hindari minuman beralkohol
• Periksa tekanan darah secara berkala. Dan lakukan pengecekan ulang minimal setiap 2 tahun untuk kelompok nomotensi dan setiap tahun untuk kelompok pre hipertensi, yaitu tekanan darah sistolik 120-139 mmHg atau diastolik 80-90mmHg dan
• Bila diperlukan konsumsi obat-obatan penurunan tekanan darah serta makan secara teratur.
Selasa, 22 Februari 2011
Ordinary Me
Then, I'd like to talk about my education. I had graduated from SDN 3 Penyaringan on 2004. I continued my education at SMPN 4 Mendoyo. In Junior high school, I stayed in girl dormitory. Then, I studied at SMAN 2 Negara.
Let’s talk about my hobby. My hobbies are reading novels and manga, watching a television, and watching animes and korean drama series on my notebook. I also love playing computer games. I love reading novels and mangas because it’s hard to imagine 'me-holding-an-encyclopedia' or enjoying my time by reading lesson books. So, that’s why, I preferred to read some novels and manga which is giving me less-stressed knowledge rather than an encyclopedia. But, I'm still going to read encyclopedia if it is interesting.
Let’s talk about my hobby. My hobbies are reading novels and manga, watching a television, and watching animes and korean drama series on my notebook. I also love playing computer games. I love reading novels and mangas because it’s hard to imagine 'me-holding-an-encyclopedia' or enjoying my time by reading lesson books. So, that’s why, I preferred to read some novels and manga which is giving me less-stressed knowledge rather than an encyclopedia. But, I'm still going to read encyclopedia if it is interesting.
I like to watch television, but not Indonesian drama that we always call it as sinetron. I'm not judging, but sinetron is not my favorite kind of TV show. I like to watch Korean and Japanese drama series (which is so rare in Indonesian TV show, but I can watch them on my notebook), cartoons, and National Geographic Channel. For me, television is one of my favorite invention. Thank to the Inventor, I can traveling around the world, experienced so many different adventures from a 21 inches miracle box without going outside. I'm just too lazy to step outside, it’s like wasting my time (and my money, course! Kekekekeke……. ;p). All I need to do is just laying down on my sofa and turn on my television while enjoying a bunch of snacks and soft drink. Simple, isn’t it? When I feel bored to read or watching TV or movie, I grab my notebook and playing game on it. I am playing games when I want disappear my stress. I have too much burdens in my shoulder (kekekeke… :D).
Next, I would like to tell you about my weakness and my strength. I have a bunch collection of weaknesses. I’m not fluently in speaking English, this is my biggest weakness. Although I'm talking majority in English, I feel like a wrong student in a wrong Department from a wrong time. My second weakness is I can’t do any kind of sport. And also lucky for me, I’m not choosing a Sport and Health Education Department. My third weakness is, I can sleep easily everywhere, every time. It always gives me a hard time when I have to keep my eyes open in the classroom. Sometimes people envy me because I can sleep so easy like nothing burden me. But that's not true, like other people, I have something to worry about. Sleep helps me to cop my stress. So, if I get such a bad day, just leave me alone with my bed and viola! I'm turning into a 'fully-charged' version of me when I'm awake. My forth weakness is I’m a lazy girl and hate to clean up my room. So, my boarding house is always messy like a boy’s room. But, I always have someone cleaning up my room. She’s my best friend. I don't know why, but she always comes to my boarding house to clean my room without being asked. Such a wonderful friend. How lucky I am to have a friend like her.
I'm still going to talk about my weaknesses. Fifth, I don’t like to comb my hair. If I woke up, I usually use a cap to put in order my hair. Sixth, I always forget everything. It also give me a hard time. One day, something funny happened several months ago. I wanted to go home after I had slept for a night in my friend’s boarding house. Then, I had prepared as usually and took my key and a helmet. I said goodbye then I wanted to take my motorbike. Then I had a mental breakdown when I got to the parking lot. I realized that I didn’t bring my motorbike. I forgot that my friend picked me up from my boarding house to hers the day before. I came back then said it to my friend. She jerks me and said that I’m too silly! Then, I begged to drive me home. I’ll never ever forget that silly experience.
I'm still going to talk about my weaknesses. Fifth, I don’t like to comb my hair. If I woke up, I usually use a cap to put in order my hair. Sixth, I always forget everything. It also give me a hard time. One day, something funny happened several months ago. I wanted to go home after I had slept for a night in my friend’s boarding house. Then, I had prepared as usually and took my key and a helmet. I said goodbye then I wanted to take my motorbike. Then I had a mental breakdown when I got to the parking lot. I realized that I didn’t bring my motorbike. I forgot that my friend picked me up from my boarding house to hers the day before. I came back then said it to my friend. She jerks me and said that I’m too silly! Then, I begged to drive me home. I’ll never ever forget that silly experience.
Seventh, I can’t cook, except instant noodles (which is my favorite food right now). I hope that in the future I could find lovely husband that cooks delicious foods for me so that I'm not ended eating instant noodle for the rest of my life (kekeke...). Eighth, I can’t speak well in front of people, which is really bad for me because I want to be a teacher in the future. Ninth, I hate creatures which have too many feet like caterpillar or have no foot at all like worm. The last is the worst weakness in me is…… I HATE DARKNESS! I hate riding my motorbike in the night. I also can’t see well in the dark. And because of my weakness, I never turn my lamp off when I want to sleep.
Then, I gonna talk about my strength. I think I have no strength which I can proud about. But if I have to claim myself having a strength, I'm gonna say this. I can sleep more than 12 hours. It may gives me no advantage, but it's hard to find people who can sleep more that 12 hours like me.
It's really nothing about me when we have to talk about talent. But, I like dancing, and I think I have a tiny little talent on it. I knew it because one day I was chosen as a representative of Indonesia to performing Balinese dance in Hiroshima flower Festival along with my team. That is one of my best day ever, one of my experiences which I can’t forget. There, I walked around to Peace Memorial Park, Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, and one of shopping center in Hiroshima. At that museum, I saw several things like lunch box of an elementary school’s student along with the food melted due to heat of nuclear radiation. And the most sad thing was, I saw hundred origamis made by Sadako Sasaki, a girl who survived nuclear bomb. Along with the origamis, it's story written, about her hope of life. She passed away due to cancer caused by nuclear radiation. It made my tears fell down. Some visitors were crying, too. I learned how to appreciate human rights and that cruel thing like a war must be stopped.
On the other hand, I could learn about discipline, its history about bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, its technology of course and the most important, I could learn about Japanese culture. I had got some money from “Hiroshima Flower Festival”. A kind man named Mr. Okuhira Sosho as our sponsored for that day had given us some money. From that money, I could buy my first mobile phone.
I like to talk about my family. My family is in Jembrana. We are living in one house with my father, mother, youngest brother and younger sister. My family likes to tell a joke and doing some childish habit, especially my mother.
I like to talk about my family. My family is in Jembrana. We are living in one house with my father, mother, youngest brother and younger sister. My family likes to tell a joke and
My mother name’s is KN. Sukeni. She is 44 years old. She is an odd mother because like to illuminate some sounds like something fall, sound of chilly wind or childish voice. But, she stills a kind mother and I like to chat and sharing about my problems.
My father’s name is I Nyoman Wiracana. He is 47 years old. He is a teacher in one of Junior High School in Jembrana. He has a tight discipline and love to clean up the house. Sometimes, he becomes angry when my father was a loser in a computer game. He will broke several things like CPU or the monitor. But, the next day, he will repair it by himself. Is it funny?
My sister’s name is Ni Kadek Egar Widyarani. She is 16 years old. She has a short hair like me and more tomboy than me. Her hobbies are climbing a coconut tree and travelling around woods or cocoa field. Her voice is similar with boys and everything within her is same with the boys. My sister hate, I mean really hate skirt. Her school’s skirt is always torn because she is not sitting properly. She ever hit her boy friend till that pity boy got pain.
My brother’s name is I Nyoman Gargita Ananta Guna. He is 8 years old. He is a submissive and independent boy ever! He likes cooking. He’s very sensitive but he always cheers and loves his family very much.
The last, I want to tell my motto. “Life is simple, so don’t make it more complicated.” Everything include problems has its escape. Although we think that it’s a great problem ever, don’t be sad. Just take it easy. Think this! There’re so many unlucky people in the world and we have to say thanks that we are not one of them. We have something to fight in our life. So don’t make it useless with suicide to solve the problem. It’s not a good way and God never accept His human to enter a heaven if they died because of suicide.
Jumat, 21 Januari 2011
KOLOID
Sebenernya ini Cuma postingan iseng iseng aja. Ini adalah hasil kerja kerasku (ciehh..) buat tugas akhir but peljaran kimia semester II kelas 2 SMA. Guru kimiaku baik banget, dia suka ngajarin kimia sampe kita bener bener ngerti. Dia juga guru yang rajin banget (sampe susah nyari jam kosong pas pelajaran kimia!!!).
Postingan ini nggak akurat, ato dengan kata lain, nggak bener semua isinya (namanya juga masih belajar, maklum ya..). Nilaiku waktu itu juga nggak bagus bagus amat (jadi maluuu…).
Selamat membaca tulisan yang ngawur ini yaaa….KOLOID
I. Pengertian Larutan, Koloid, dan Suspensi Kasar
Larutan adalah sistem satu fase, bersifat kontinu, stabil, tidak dapat disaring, dan ukuran partikaelnya kurang dari 1 nm (1 nm = 10-9 m). Contoh sebuah larutan adalah larutan gula. Larutan gula tidak dapat disaring dengan kertas saring karena partikel-partikel gula telah tersebar secara merata sehingga tidak dapt dilihat walaupun dengan menggunakan mikroskop ultra.
Suspensi kasar adalah system dua fase, bersifat heterogen, tidak kontinu, ukuran partikelnya lebihbesar daripada 100 nm, dan dapat dipisahkan dengan kertas saring. Contoh suspensi kasar adalah tepung dicampur dengan air. Tepung tidak akan larut dalam air wlaupun diaduk. Tepung akan tetap memisah dengan cara membentuk endapan.
Koloid berasal dari bahasa Yunani, Kolla, berarti lem. Lem kuno adalah dispersi koloid dalam air. Jadi koloid adalah sistem dua fase yang bersifat heterogen jika dilihat dengan mikroskop ultra, walaupun dilihat dengan mata telanjang terlihat homogen. Koloid tidak akan menghasilkan endapan dan tidak dapat disaring dengan kertas saring. Contoh koloid adalah campuran antara susu dan air. Susu dan air akan membentuk larutan, tetapi larutan yang terjadi keruh. Berikut adalah table perbedaan larutan, suspensi dan koloid.
| NO | LARUTAN | KOLOID | SUSPENSI |
| 1 | Homogen, tidak dapat dibedakan walaupun menggunakan mokroskop ultra. | Bersifat homogen jika dimati dengan makroskopis dan bersifat heterogen jika diamati dengan mikroskop ultra. | Heterogen |
| 2 | Semua partikel berukuran kurang dari 1 nm | Partikel berukuran antara 1 nm dan 100 nm | Partikel berukuran lebih dari 100 nm |
| 3 | Satu fase | Dua fase | Dua fase |
| 4 | Stabil | Pada umumnya stabil | Tidak stabil |
| 5 | Tidak dapat disaring | Tidak dapat disaring, kecuali dengan penyaring ultra | Dapat disaring |
II. Komponen dan Pengelompokan Koloid
Dalam koloid, zat yang terdispensi disebut fase terdispensi, sedangkan medium yang digunakn untuk mendispersikannya disebut medium pendispersi..
Koloid terterbagi menjadi 2 fase, fase terdispensi dan medium pendispersi.baik fase terdispensi maupun medium pendispersi dapat berwujud gas, cair, maupun padat.
Koloid yang fase terdispensinya padat disebut sol.Ada 3 jenis sol, yaitu sol padat ( padat dalam padat ), sol cair ( padat dalam cair ), dan sol gas ( padat dalam gas ).
Koloid yang fase terdispeninya cair disebut emulsi. Ada 3 jenis emulsi, yaitu emulsi padat (cair dalam padat ), emulsi cair ( cair dalam cair ), dam emulsi gas ( cair dalam gas ).
Delapan macam Koloid
| No | Fase Terdispensi | Medium Pendispersi | Nama | Contoh |
| 1 | Padat | Padat | Sol Padat | Gelas Berwarna |
| 2 | Padat | Cair | Sol | Tinta, cat, selai |
| 3 | Padat | Gas | Aerosol | Asap |
| 4 | Cair | Padat | Emulsi Padat | Jeli, mentega, keju |
| 5 | Cair | Cair | Emulsi | Santan, susu |
| 6 | Cair | Gas | Aerosol | Kabut, Awan |
| 7 | Gas | Padat | Biuh padat | Batu Apung |
| 8 | Gas | Cair | Buih | Buih sabun, krim kocok |
Koloid yang fase terdispensinya gas disebut buih. Ada 2 macam buih, yaitu buih padat ( gas dalam padat ), Bih cair ( gas dalam air ). Tidak ada buih gas, karena campuran gas dengan gas selalu homogen.
III. Sifat – Sifat Koloid
A. Efek Tyndall
Efek tyndall merupakan peristiwa penghamburan cahaya oleh sistem koloid. Peristiwa efek tyndall dapat diamati dengan menjatuhkan seberkas cahaya pada objek. Jika larutan sejati, maka cahaya yang dijatuhkan pada objek akan diteruskan (terlihat transparan). Jika objek itu koloid, cahaya akan dihamburkan. Cahaya yang melalui koloid dapat dilihat dari samping walaupun partikel koloidnya tidak kelihatan, Jika partikel terdispensinya juga kelihatan, objek tersebut bukan koloid, melainkan suspensi.
B. Gerak Brown
Gerak Brown merupakan gerakan zig-zag (patah – patah) partikel koloid serta secara terus menerus. Gerak Brown dapat diamati menggunakan mikroskop ultra. Nama gerak ini diambil dari nama penemunya, yaitu seorang ahli biologi berkebangsaan Inggris yang bernama Robert Brown.
Gerak Brown dapat terjadi karena ukuran partikel koloid yang kecil, sehingga tumbukan medium terdispensi pada fase pendispersi tidak seimbang.
C. Muatan Listrik pada Partikel Koloid
Partikel koloid memiliki kemampuan menyerap ion pada permukaannya. Akibatnya, partikel koloid bermuatan listrik.
Penyerapan yang terjadi di permukaan disebut adsorpsi, sedangkan penyerapan yang terjadi sampai ke bawah permukaan disebut absorpsi.
1. Elektrofisis
Partikel koloid dapat bergerak dalam medan listrik karena partikel ini bermuatan. Jika sepasang elektroda dimasukkan dispersi koloid, dan di dalamnya dialiri arus searah, maka akan maju menuju elektroda. Dispersi koloid bermuatan positif akan bergerak menuju elektrodan negative dan sebaliknya. Gejala inilah yang disebut dengan elektrofisis. Jadi Elektrofisis adalah pergerakan partikel partikel koloid dalam medan listrik ke masing masing elektroda.
2. Adsorpsi
Bagaimana partikel koloid dapat bermuatan listrik? Suatu partikel koloid ajkan bermuatan listrik apabila terjadi penyerapan ion di permukaan partikel koloid tersebut. Jadi, adsorpsi adalah peristiwa ketika permukaan suatu zat menyerap zat lain.
3. Koagulasi
Koagulasi adalah proses penggumpalan partikel partikel koloid. Proses koagulasi terjadi karena tidak stabilnya partikel koloid. Sistem koloid stabil apabila koloid tersebut bermuatan positif dan negative. Jika muatan koloid tersebut dilucuti dengan cara menetralkan muatannya, maka koloid tersebut menjadi tidak stabil dan mengalami koagulasi.
IV. Koloid Liofil dan Koloid Liofob
Koloid dapat dibedakan menjadi du macam, yaitu koloid lofil dan koloid liofob. Kolid liofil tidak mudah mengalami koagulasi jika diberi elektroloit, sehingga koloid liofil lebih stabil.
Liofil artinya senang dengan air, sedangkan liofob artinya takut dengan air. Pada daftar dibawah ini dapat dilihat perbedaan koloid liofil dan koloid liofob.
| No | Liofil | Liofob |
| 1 | Dapat balik (Reversibel) | Tidak dapat balik (Irreversibel) |
| 2 | Stabil | Kurang Stabil |
| 3 | Mengandung zat organik | Mengandung zat anorganik |
| 4 | Sukar mengendap dengan elektrolit | Mudah mengendap dengan elektrolit |
| 5 | Tidak menunjukkan gerak Brown | Menunjukkan gerak Brown |
| 6 | Kurang menunjukkan efek Tydall | Jelas menunjukkan Efek Tydall |
| 7 | Kekentalan tinggi | Kekentalan rendah |
| 8 | Umumnya Dapat dibuat gel | Umumnya tidak dapat dibuat gel |
| 9 | Umumnya dibuat dengan metode dispersi | Umumnya dibuat dengan metode kondensasi |
| 10 | Partikel disperse mengadsorpsi molekul | Partikel disperse mengion (muatan listrik) |
V. Pembuatan Koloid
Koloid dapat dibuat dengan dua cara. Pertama ialah dengan cara memecah partikel besar menjadi partikel Koloid atau juga disebut dengan cara dispersi. Kedua ialah dengan mengubah molekul, atom, atau ion ke dalam partikel koloid yang lebih besar, atau juga disebut cara kondensasi. Jika digambarkan dengan bagan akan tampak sebagai berikut.
| Partikel | | Partikel | | Partikel |
| besar | dispersi | Koloid | kondensasi | Molekul, atom, ion |
A. Metode Dispersi
Metode disperse dapat dilakukan dengan tiga cara sebagai berikut.
- Cara Mekanik
Cara mekanik dapat dilakukan dengan menggerus partikel kasar di dalam lumping atau penggiling koloid (colloid mill) hingga diperoleh kehalusan pada tingkat tertentu. Tetapi gilingan hanya dapat menghaluiskan logam keras, tidak dapat menghaluskan yang lunak atau liat.
- Cara peptisasi
Cara peptasi dapat dilakukan dengan memecah butir butir kasar dari suatu endapan dengan bantuan zat pemeptasi (pemecah). Proses peptisasi hanya terjadi dengan zat yang sangat tertarik oleh molekul medium yaitu partikel liofil.
- Cara Busur Bredig
Cara Busur Bredig digunakan untuk membuat sol sol logam. Logam yang dibuat sol akan dijadikan sebagai elektroda yang dicelupkan dalam medium pendispersi. Selanjutnya atom atom itu akan mengalami kondensasi hingga membentuk koloid.
- Cara Ultrasonik
Cara ini hamper sama dengan cara Busur Bredig, yaitu sama sama untuk membuat sol logam, akan tetapi jika cara Busur Bredig menggunakan arus listrik tegangan tinggi, cara Ultasonik ini menggunakan gelombang energi bunyi yang sangat tinggi, yaitu diatas 20.000 Hz.
B. Metode Kondensasi
Metode kondensasi dapat dibedakan menjadi empat cara, yaitu :
- Cara Redoks
Contoh koloid dari reaksi redoks adalah pada pembuatan sol belerang dan sol emas.
- Reaksi Hidrolisis
Reaksi hidrolisis adalah reaksi suatu zat dengan air.
Contoh koloid yang terbentuk dari reaksi hidrolisis adalah pembuatan sol Fe(OH)3.
- Reaksi Dekomposisi Lengkap
Contoh pembuatan koloid dari reaksi ini adalah pembuatan siol H2S.
- Reaksi Pergantian Pelarut
Contoh Dari reaksi pergantian pelarut yang menghasilkan koloid adalah larutan kalsium asetat yang dicampur dengan alcohol yang akan membentuk larutan berupa gel.
VI. Manfaat Koloid
Dalam kehidupan sehari hari, kita secara tidak sadar telah banyak merasakan manfaat koloid. Misalkan saja kita meminum susu, kemudian menggunakan detergen untuk mencuci, serta kita telah menggunakan berbagai macam jenis koloid dalam kehidupan sehari hari untuk memenuhi serta mendukung kebutuhan kita. Berikut ini adalah daftar beberapa kegunaan koloid dalam kehidupan sehari hari.
Macam dan Kegunaan Koloid
| No | Nama Koloid | Fase dispersi dan mediumnya | Kegunaan Koloid |
| 1 | Buih | Gas dalam cairan | Sabun, sampo, minyak pelumas, bir. |
| 2 | Busa Padat | Gas dalam padat | Arang aktif. |
| 3 | Aerosol cair | Cairan dalam gas | Kabut |
| 4 | Emulsi | Cairan dalam gas | Susu, santan. |
| 5 | Aerosol padat | Padat dalam gas | Asap |
| 6 | Sol | Padat dalam cair | Tinta, cat, selai. |
| 7 | Sol padat | Padat dalam padat | Gelas berwarna, Porselin |
Kamis, 20 Januari 2011
Sahabatku
Hey.. ini aku!!
Aku nggak punya terlalu banyak temen, tapi aku punya beberapa temen yang lucu lucu. mereka aneh, suka ketawa, suk jalan jalan, suka makan, suka ngerjain orang, suka ngumpul bareng buat nonton film baru di salah satu kosan kita, suka manjat pohon (yang ini boong!), pokoknya kita suka bareng bareng deh..
Nah, satu yang lucu dari temen temenku (termasuk aku juga sih, eheheh...). yang cewek cewek, makannya banyak, makan kaya piranha, apa aja diembat! (dasar cewek barbar!!) tapi untung aja kita nggak jadi ndut. Tapi ada kompensasi lain dari kerakusan kita. Kita suka ngabisin duit banyak, abis makannya banyak sihh.. (Rasain loe!!)
Selain kita makanya banyak, kita juga suka jalan jalan, cewek atopun cowok. Jangan pikir kalo kita suka jalan ke mall ato ketempat yang bisa ngabisin banyak duit (anak kosan mana ada duit!!) Kita tuh, sukanya jalan jalan ke tempat terpencil (maksudnya?). Gini nihh.. Kita suka ke tempat kaya air terjun, pemandian air panas, ato tempat tempat yang sejenis itu lah.. Ngakunya sih buat refresing dari dunia yang penuh sesak dengan masalah (jiaah, bahasanya!!), padahal tujuannya ngemat duit.. kekekekeke...
Sebenernya masih banyak sihh, yang suka kita lakuin bareng bareng (termasuk mandi bareng juga, kekekeke... Tapi sama temen yang sejenis y!!). Banyak juga hal hal bermanfaat yang kita suka lakuin bareng, belajar bareng (yang bener??), ngerjain ujian bareng (nah lho, dibaca sama dosennya, mampus dah!!). Pokoknya banyak deh hal hal lain (yang nggak bermanfaat) yang suka kita lakuin bareng.
Tinggal jauh dari keluarga emang berat rasanya. tapi kadang kadang aku bersyukur juga karena jadi anak kosan. Soalnya, aku jadi bisa ketemu sama temen temenku yang aneh (sekaligus yang aku sayang) ini.kalo nggak ada mereka, nggak jamin aku masih bertahan hidup di kosan seorang diri sampe sekarang (lebe!!!).
Nah, punya banyak temen emang bagus sihh. Tapi, punya temen dikit, tapi mereka peduli dan bisa ngibur kamu, itu jauh lebih baik..
Aku nggak punya terlalu banyak temen, tapi aku punya beberapa temen yang lucu lucu. mereka aneh, suka ketawa, suk jalan jalan, suka makan, suka ngerjain orang, suka ngumpul bareng buat nonton film baru di salah satu kosan kita, suka manjat pohon (yang ini boong!), pokoknya kita suka bareng bareng deh..
Nah, satu yang lucu dari temen temenku (termasuk aku juga sih, eheheh...). yang cewek cewek, makannya banyak, makan kaya piranha, apa aja diembat! (dasar cewek barbar!!) tapi untung aja kita nggak jadi ndut. Tapi ada kompensasi lain dari kerakusan kita. Kita suka ngabisin duit banyak, abis makannya banyak sihh.. (Rasain loe!!)
Selain kita makanya banyak, kita juga suka jalan jalan, cewek atopun cowok. Jangan pikir kalo kita suka jalan ke mall ato ketempat yang bisa ngabisin banyak duit (anak kosan mana ada duit!!) Kita tuh, sukanya jalan jalan ke tempat terpencil (maksudnya?). Gini nihh.. Kita suka ke tempat kaya air terjun, pemandian air panas, ato tempat tempat yang sejenis itu lah.. Ngakunya sih buat refresing dari dunia yang penuh sesak dengan masalah (jiaah, bahasanya!!), padahal tujuannya ngemat duit.. kekekekeke...
Sebenernya masih banyak sihh, yang suka kita lakuin bareng bareng (termasuk mandi bareng juga, kekekeke... Tapi sama temen yang sejenis y!!). Banyak juga hal hal bermanfaat yang kita suka lakuin bareng, belajar bareng (yang bener??), ngerjain ujian bareng (nah lho, dibaca sama dosennya, mampus dah!!). Pokoknya banyak deh hal hal lain (yang nggak bermanfaat) yang suka kita lakuin bareng.
Tinggal jauh dari keluarga emang berat rasanya. tapi kadang kadang aku bersyukur juga karena jadi anak kosan. Soalnya, aku jadi bisa ketemu sama temen temenku yang aneh (sekaligus yang aku sayang) ini.kalo nggak ada mereka, nggak jamin aku masih bertahan hidup di kosan seorang diri sampe sekarang (lebe!!!).
Nah, punya banyak temen emang bagus sihh. Tapi, punya temen dikit, tapi mereka peduli dan bisa ngibur kamu, itu jauh lebih baik..
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